An unusual case of traumatic injury to the first metatarsal a case report.

A 44-year-old male sustained trauma to his foot leading to a 5-cm defect of the first metatarsal bone and infection of the bone by Staphylococcus aureus. Osteotomy is the most suitable method for treating large metatarsal defects complicated with osteomyelitis, however few reports have been published on this challenging approach. In this case, osteotomy and external fixation for distraction were performed. Finally, the osteomyelitis of the patient was well controlled, the bone length was restored, and the patient could carry weight completely, and the treatment effect was satisfactory.

Cross-talk between the gut microbiota and hypothyroidism: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

Background: Multiple observational studies suggest a connection between the composition of the gut microbiota and hypothyroidism. However, it has yet to be determined whether the gut microbiota has a causal effect on hypothyroidism. Methods: To investigate the connection between the gut microbiota and hypothyroidism, two-sample Mendelian randomization was performed using data from a genome-wide association study meta-analysis (n = 18,430) conducted by the MiBioGen consortium. Summary statistics for hypothyroidism (26,342 cases and 59,827 controls) were obtained using the data from the FinnGen consortium R8 release data. To investigate the causal link between the gut microbiota and hypothyroidism, various methods, including MR-Egger, weighted median, weighted model, simple model, MR-PRESSO, and inverse variance weighted (IVW), were employed. The bacteria that were causally linked to hypothyroidism in forward Mendelian randomization analysis were subjected to reverse Mendelian randomization analysis. Cochran's Q statistics were utilized to gauge the heterogeneity of the instrumental variables. Results: The results indicated that Akkermansia had a positive impact on hypothyroidism, with an odds ratio of 0.84 (95% CI 0.74-0.95, p = 0.01) based on the inverse variance-weighted estimates. Additionally, Anaerostipes (OR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.01-1.36, p = 0.04), Butyrivibrio (OR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.88-0.99, p = 0.02), Holdemania (OR = 0.89, 95% CI 0.81-0.99, p = 0.03), Intestinimonas (OR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.02-1.26, p = 0.03), Ruminiclostridium5 (OR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.01-1.41, p = 0.04), and Ruminococcaceae UCG-011 (OR = 0.91, 95% CI 0.84-0.99, p = 0.03) were identified. The gut microbiota was not significantly affected by hypothyroidism, as indicated by the results of the reverse MR analysis. There was no significant variation in the instrumental variables or horizontal pleiotropy. Conclusion: The findings of this study using two-sample Mendelian randomization indicate a causal relationship between Akkermansia and hypothyroidism. Increased Akkermansia inhibits the onset and progression of hypothyroidism. Additional randomized controlled experiments are necessary to elucidate the beneficial impact of probiotics on hypothyroidism and their distinct protective mechanisms.

The effect of parental psychological control on children's peer interactions in China: the moderating role of teachers' emotional support.

Background: Peer interactions are critical to young children's social development, and proximal-system has a direct influence on personal growth. The study aims to analyze the relationship between parental psychological control and young children's peer interactions, as well as the moderating role of teachers' emotional support in this association. Methods: A total of 241 children aged 3-6 years, alongside their parents, and 27 teachers, participated in the study. Teachers reported children's peer interactions whilst parents reported their psychological control. The level of teachers' emotional support was co-coded by two researchers. Results: The results of the study indicated that parental psychological control was significantly and negatively related to young children's peer interactions; teachers' emotional support was significantly and positively related to young children's peer interactions; the cross-level moderating effect validates our hypothesis that teachers' emotional support has a moderating effect between parental psychological control and young children's peer interactions, buffering the impact of parental psychological control on young children's peer interactions. Conclusion: These findings expand our comprehension of the association between parental psychological control, teachers' emotional support, and young children's peer interactions, and provide guidance for integrating the components of the proximal system and devising interventions to establish a home-school harmony environment that fosters children's social development.

Melatonin, a potentially effective drug for the treatment of infected bone nonunion.

Osteomyelitis (OM), characterized by heterogeneity and complexity in treatment, has a high risk of infection recurrence which may cause limb disability. Management of chronic inactive osteomyelitis (CIOM) without typical inflammatory symptoms is a great challenge for orthopedic surgeons. On the basis of data analysis of 1091 OM cases, we reported that latent osteogenic decline in CIOM patients was the main cause of secondary surgery. Our research shows that impairment of osteoblasts capacity in CIOM patients is associated with ferroptosis of osteoblasts caused by internalization of Staphylococcus aureus. Further studies show that melatonin could alleviate ferroptosis of osteoblasts in infected states through Nox4/ROS/P38 axis and protect the osteogenic ability of CIOM patients. Knockout of NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) in vivo could effectively relieve ferroptosis of osteoblasts in the state of infection and promote osteogenesis. Through a large number of clinical data analyses combined with molecular experiments, this study clarified that occult osteogenic disorders in CIOM patients were related to ferroptosis of osteoblasts. We revealed that melatonin might be a potential therapeutic drug for CIOM patients and provided a new insight for the treatment of OM.

A comparison of cardiovascular disease associations of time-domain oximetry parameters in sleep apnoea cases from the Sleep Heart Health Study.

Polysomnograms (PSGs) contain a wealth of physiological information that is routinely recorded but not utilised in sleep studies. Intermittent hypoxia arising from obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) events is an important risk in the later development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Analysis of oximetry patterns from PSG studies may enable early assessment of CVD risk. The aim of this study was to compare associations of different time-domain oximetry patterns with incident CVD in OSA patients. All participants with OSA and no pre-existing CVD at baseline or within the first two years of follow-up, were selected from the Sleep Heart Health Study data and used for analysis (N=2878). We examined oximetry parameters that are calculated from desaturation events and from time series analysis and compared them to incident CVD outcomes using proportional hazards regression models adjusted for age, race, smoking, BMI, and sex. Our results show that were no associations between OSA oximetry parameters and incident CVD for OSA patients.

A comparison of hypoxic burden algorithms using three different methods for calculating baseline oxygen saturation for predicting cardiovascular death in the Sleep Heart Health Study.

Respiratory event related oxygen desaturation area measures have recently shown merit as novel predictors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes. In this study, we investigate one such measure (hypoxic burden (HB)) and investigate how three different ways of calculating the SpO2 baseline of the HB algorithm impact its ability to predict cardiovascular mortality. The three baseline estimation steps include a pre-event baseline, a record-based baseline, and a fixed baseline. Pulse oximetry signals from the Sleep Heart Health Study and the corresponding CVD outcomes were analyzed. The performance of each baseline method was compared using adjusted Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. Results show that HB with the record-based baseline method returned the best performing results with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.83 (95% CI: 1.03-3.27, p<0.05) in the fully adjusted model, compared to HB with the pre-event baseline method (HR: 1.60, 95%CI: 0.86-3.00, p>0.05) and HB with the fixed baseline method (HR: 1.73, 95%CI: 0.93-3.22, p>0.05).

Mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy for rapid temperature distribution characterization.

Due to the influence of chemical reactions, phase change, and other phenomena, the combustion system is a complicated high-temperature environment. Therefore, the spatio-temporally resolved monitoring of the temperature field is crucial for gaining a comprehensive understanding of the intricate combustion environment. In this study, we proposed a fast and high-precision temperature measurement technique based on mid-infrared (MIR) dual-comb spectroscopy with a high spectral resolution and fast refresh rate. Based on this technique, the spatio-temporally resolved measurement of a non-uniform temperature field was achieved along the laser path. To verify the capability of DCS for temperature measurement, the bandhead ro-vibrational lines of the CO2 molecule were acquired, and the 1-σ uncertainty of the retrieved temperature was 3.2°C at 800°C within 100 ms. The results demonstrate the potential of our fast and high-precision laser diagnostic technique which can be further applied to combustion kinetics.

A Review of Novel Oximetry Parameters for the Prediction of Cardiovascular Disease in Obstructive Sleep Apnoea.

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a sleep disorder with repetitive collapse of the upper airway during sleep, which leads to intermittent hypoxic events overnight, adverse neurocognitive, metabolic complications, and ultimately an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The standard diagnostic parameter for OSA, apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI), is inadequate to predict CVD morbidity and mortality, because it focuses only on the frequency of apnoea and hypopnoea events, and fails to reveal other physiological information for the prediction of CVD events. Novel parameters have been introduced to compensate for the deficiencies of AHI. However, the calculation methods and criteria for these parameters are unclear, hindering their use in cross-study analysis and studies. This review aims to discuss novel parameters for predicting CVD events from oximetry signals and to summarise the corresponding computational methods.

Prognostic significance of HLA-G in patients with colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis and bioinformatics analysis.

PURPOSE: Human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) has been reported to be aberrantly expressed in colorectal cancer (CRC); however, its prognostic value remains controversial. Hence, our meta-analysis aims to assess the prognostic value of HLA-G in CRC patients based on published literature and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted on relevant studies retrieved from four electronic databases including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were recorded to be applied as effective values. Fixed-effects models or random-effects models were applied on the basis of the value of heterogeneity (I 2). Publication bias was analyzed by Begg's and Egger's tests. In addition, the results were validated by using TCGA datasets. RESULTS: Thirteen studies comprising 3896 patients were incorporated into this meta-analysis. The pooled results showed that HLA-G expression was significantly associated with poor overall survival (OS) in both the univariate analysis (HR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.14-1.83, P = 0.002) and the multivariate analysis (HR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.23-1.95, P < 0.001). Nevertheless, the expression of HLA-G is not related to age, sex, tumor type, tumor differentiation, TNM stage, or distant metastasis but lymph node metastasis. Notably, the prognosis of colorectal cancer was not consistent with the analysis result from TCGA data. CONCLUSION: HLA-G expression was significantly related to poor OS in CRC according to the results of our meta-analysis. However, we found that the prognostic significance was inconsistent with our results according to the TCGA data in CRC. Hence, more research is still needed to further illustrate the prognostic role of HLA-G in CRC.

Deregulation of Ribosome Biogenesis in Nitrite-Oxidizing Bacteria Leads to Nitrite Accumulation.

Nitrite (NO2-) accumulation caused by nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) inhibition in nitrification is a double-edged sword, i.e., a disaster in aquatic environments but a hope for innovating nitrogen removal technology in wastewater treatment. However, little information is available regarding the molecular mechanism of NOB inhibition at the cellular level. Herein, we investigate the response of NOB inhibition on NO2- accumulation established by a side-stream free ammonia treatment unit in a nitrifying reactor using integrated metagenomics and metaproteomics. Results showed that compared with the baseline, the relative abundance and activity of NOB in the experimental stage decreased by 91.64 and 68.66%, respectively, directly resulting in a NO2- accumulation rate of 88%. Moreover, RNA polymerase, translation factors, and aa-tRNA ligase were significantly downregulated, indicating that protein synthesis in NOB was interfered during NO2- accumulation. Further investigations showed that ribosomal proteins and GTPases, responsible for bindings between either ribosomal proteins and rRNA or ribosome subunits, were remarkably downregulated. This suggests that ribosome biogenesis was severely disrupted, which might be the key reason for the inhibited protein synthesis. Our findings fill a knowledge gap regarding the underlying mechanisms of NO2- accumulation, which would be beneficial for regulating the accumulation of NO2- in aquatic environments and engineered systems.

Current Concepts of Fracture-Related Infection.

Currently, fracture-related infection (FRI) still represents great challenges in front of orthopaedic surgeons, despite great advances that have been achieved regarding its diagnosis and treatment. Although both FRI and prosthetic joint infection (PJI) belong to osteoarticular infections and share similarities, FRI displays unique characteristics. Diagnosis of FRI is sometimes difficult owing to the nonspecific symptoms, and treatment is usually tricky, with a high risk of infection recurrence. In addition, the long disease course is associated with a significantly elevated risk of disability, both physically and psychologically. Moreover, such a disorder still poses heavy economic burdens to the patients, both personally and socially. Therefore, early diagnosis and reasonable treatment are the key issues for increasing the cure rate, decreasing the risks of infection relapse and disability, and improving the life quality and prognosis of the patients. In this review, we summarized the present concepts regarding the definition, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of FRI.

Microplastics influence the fate of antibiotics in freshwater environments: Biofilm formation and its effect on adsorption behavior.

Microplastics (MPs) are substrates available for biofilms colonization in natural water environments. The biofilms formation may enhance the ability of MPs to adsorb harmful contaminants. Herein, we investigated the biofilms formation of three different MPs (PVC, PA and HDPE) in simulated natural environment, and observed the chemical structure, charge property, hydrophobicity and other properties of MPs affect microbial biomass and community composition. More importantly, potential pathogens were found in all three MPs biofilms. Furthermore, the adsorption capacities of original MPs and biological aging MPs for norfloxacin (NOR) was compared. HDPE has the largest adsorption capacity for NOR, while PA has the smallest adsorption capacity for NOR. It was concluded that the formation of biofilms enhanced the adsorption of NOR by 50.60 %, 24.17 % and 46.02 % for PVC, PA and HDPE, respectively. In addition, hydrogen-bond interaction, electrostatic interaction and hydrophobic interaction were found to dominate the adsorption of NOR by MPs. Our study contributed to improve the understanding of the interactions between aging MPs and contaminants in the natural water environments, and provided essential information for ecological risk assessment of MPs.

Implant surface culture may be a useful adjunct to standard tissue sampling culture for identification of pathogens accounting for fracture-device-related infection: a within-person randomized agreement study of 42 patients.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Identification of pathogens causing fracture-device-related infection (FDRI) is always a challenge as the positive rate of standard tissue sampling culture (TSC) remains unsatisfactory. This study evaluates the efficiency of implant surface culture (ISC) as an adjunct to standard TSC for identification of FDRI-associated microorganisms. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between November 2020 and March 2022, patients diagnosed with FDRI defined by the International Fracture-Related Infection (FRI) Consensus Group, and indicated for implant removal, underwent both methods for bacteria detection. The test order of ISC and TSC was randomly selected for each patient included, as a within-person randomized design. For ISC, the recovered implants were gently covered with tryptic soy agar after rinsing with normal saline twice, and then incubated at 37℃ 5% CO2 for up to 14 days. For TSC, 5 specimens were sampled and sent to the Clinical Laboratory of Southern Medical University Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, for culture and identification. RESULTS: 42 consecutive patients were included, with a mean age of 46 years. The most frequent infection site and implant type were the tibia (21 cases) and plates with screws (30 cases), respectively. Altogether 21 patients were found with positive outcomes by both methods, and the identified pathogens were consistent. ISC found an additional 15 patients showing positive results, which were negative by TSC. Furthermore, the mean culture time of ISC was shorter than that of TSC (1.5 days vs. 3.2 days). INTERPRETATION: ISC may be a useful adjunct to TSC for detection of bacteria causing FDRI, with a relatively higher positive rate and a shorter culture time.

Efficient All-Polymer Solar Cells Enabled by Interface Engineering.

All-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs) are organic solar cells in which both the electron donor and the acceptor are polymers and are considered more promising in large-scale production. Thanks to the polymerizing small molecule acceptor strategy, the power conversion efficiency of all-PSCs has ushered in a leap in recent years. However, due to the electrical properties of polymerized small-molecule acceptors (PSMAs), the FF of the devices is generally not high. The typical electron transport material widely used in these devices is PNDIT-F3N, and it is a common strategy to improve the device fill factor (FF) through interface engineering. This work improves the efficiency of all-polymer solar cells through interfacial layer engineering. Using PDINN as the electron transport layer, we boost the FF of the devices from 69.21% to 72.05% and the power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 15.47% to 16.41%. This is the highest efficiency for a PY-IT-based binary all-polymer solar cell. This improvement is demonstrated in different all-polymer material systems.

Vitamin D Receptor Genetic Polymorphisms Associate With a Decreased Susceptibility to Extremity Osteomyelitis Partly by Inhibiting Macrophage Apoptosis Through Inhibition of Excessive ROS Production via VDR-Bmi1 Signaling.

Background: Previous studies had reported that vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms were related to the development of several inflammatory disorders. However, potential links between such variations and the risk of developing a bone infection and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to analyze potential associations between VDR genetic variations and susceptibility to extremity osteomyelitis (OM) in a Chinese Han population and investigate potential mechanisms. Methods: Between January 2016 and August 2020, altogether 398 OM patients and 368 healthy controls were genotyped for six VDR gene polymorphisms, including ApaI (rs7975232), BsmI (rs1544410), FokI (rs2228570), TaqI (rs731236), GATA (rs4516035), and Cdx-2 (rs11568820) by the SNaPshot genotyping method. Then, male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into vitamin D-standard, -excess, -deficient, and -rescued groups. One week after making the model surgery, OM occurrence and severity were assessed using the bacterial count and histopathological staining. In vitro, phagocytosis, apoptosis, and bactericidal ability of macrophages were evaluated by overexpression or knockdown of VDR protein. Results: Significant associations were found among rs7975232, rs1544410, and OM development by the recessive model (AA vs. AC + CC, p = 0.037, OR = 0.594), homozygous model (AA vs. CC, p = 0.033, OR = 0.575), and heterozygous model (CT vs. CC, p = 0.049, OR = 0.610), respectively. Patients with the AA genotype of rs7975232 had a relatively higher mean level of vitamin D than those with AC and CC genotypes (22.5 vs. 20.7 vs. 19.0 ng/ml). Similarly, patients with CT genotype of rs1544410 had a relatively higher mean vitamin D level than those with CC genotype (20.94 vs. 19.89 ng/ml). Outcomes of in vivo experiments showed that the femoral bacterial load of vitamin D-deficient mice was highest among different vitamin D dose groups, with the most severe histopathological features of infection, and vitamin D supplementation partly reversed the changes. While in vitro experiment results revealed that active vitamin D promoted phagocytosis and sterilization of macrophages and inhibited apoptosis during infection. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor inhibited apoptosis of macrophages induced by bacterial infection. Active vitamin D inhibited excessive ROS production in macrophages via the VDR-Bmi1 signaling pathway. Conclusion: In this Chinese cohort, ApaI and BsmI are associated with a decreased risk of OM development by influencing serological vitamin D level, the latter of which reduced macrophage apoptosis with inhibition of excessive ROS production via the VDR-Bmi1 signaling pathway.

Expression profile analysis of lncRNA in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells exosomes of postmenopausal osteoporosis patients through microarray and bioinformatics analyses.

BACKGROUND: Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) is the most common bone metabolic disease affecting women worldwide. In this study, we investigate the role of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) expression in exosomes obtained from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) of patients with PMOP. METHODS: BMSCs from patients diagnosed with PMOP and healthy post-menopausal females as controls were isolated and cultured before exosome extraction. RNA microarray technology was used to identify differentially expressed lncRNAs in exosomes from BMSCs. Bioinformatics technology was utilized to analyze the roles of differentially expressed lncRNAs. Further, RT-qPCR was used to validate differentially expressed lncRNAs in 20 pairs of clinical samples. RESULTS: A total of 286 differentially expressed lncRNAs were detected in the exosomes from BMSCs unlike in the control group, among which 148 were up-regulated, whereas 138 were down-regulated. RT-qPCR identified five critical lncRNAs, including ENST00000593078, NR_120593, ENST00000422343, MEG3 and NR_029192. This was consistent with the microarray results and with a significant difference (P < 0.01). Based on the differentially expressed lncRNAs, we constructed lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction networks. Functional analysis revealed that differentially expressed lncRNAs in patients with PMOP potentially target Wnt/ß-catenin, MAPK, and PI3K-Akt pathways. CONCLUSION: In summary, we detected several dysregulated lncRNAs regulating PMOP progression in exosomes extracted from BMSCs of affected patients acting as novel biomarkers. This in turn provides valuable data for targeted treatment of PMOP. SUBJECTS: Genomics; Molecular biology; Orthopedics; Women's Health.

Biomarkers in the Occurrence and Development of Pterygium.

Pterygium is a kind of common conjunctival degeneration. The pathogenesis of pterygium is complex, and various biomarkers provide new targets for treatment and prognosis. Currently, the most common treatment for pterygium is surgical excision, but it is invasive risk and has a high recurrence rate. Since the development of sequencing, gene chip technology, and proteomics technologies has been rapid, research on the internal mechanism of disease has been facilitated. This review focuses on recent advances in the discovery of biomarkers from the fields of genetics, proteomics, and epigenetics and their likely functional mechanisms and clinical applications in pterygium.

Vitamin D Receptor Genetic Variations May Associate with the Risk of Developing Late Fracture-Related Infection in the Chinese Han Population.

Variations in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene are related to several inflammatory disorders. However, the potential links between such alternations and the risk of developing late fracture-related infection (FRI) remain unclear. This study investigated associations between genetic variations in the VDR and susceptibility to late FRI in the Chinese Han population. Between January 2016 and December 2019, 336 patients with late FRI and 368 healthy controls were genotyped six VDR genetic variations, including ApaI (rs7975232), BsmI (rs1544410), FokI (rs2228570), TaqI (rs731236), GATA (rs4516035), and Cdx-2 (rs11568820). Significant associations were observed between rs7975232 and FRI susceptibility in the recessive (P = 0.019, OR = 0.530, 95% CI 0.310-0.906) model. Patients with AA genotype had a relatively higher level of serological vitamin D (20.6 vs. 20.3 vs. 17.9 ng/ml) (P = 0.021) than those of AC and CC genotypes. Although no statistical differences were observed, potential correlations may exist between rs1544410 (dominant model: P = 0.079, OR = 0.634), rs2228570 (dominant model: P = 0.055, OR = 0.699), and rs4516035 (dominant model: P = 0.065, OR = 1.768) and the risk of FRI development. In the Chinese cohort, ApaI was associated with a decreased risk of developing FRI, and patients with the AA genotype had a higher vitamin D level. Further studies are required to assess the role of genetic variations in BsmI, FokI, and GATA in the pathogenesis of late FRI.

Incidence and risk factors of preoperative deep venous thrombosis following hip fracture: a retrospective analysis of 293 consecutive patients.

PURPOSE: This study investigated the incidence and risk factors of preoperative deep venous thrombosis (DVT) after an acute hip fracture. METHODS: We searched the electronic medical record system at our hospital for patients who received treatment for femoral neck (FN), intertrochanteric (IT), or subtrochanteric (ST) fractures between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2020. DVT was diagnosed using venous compression ultrasonography. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors for preoperative DVT. RESULTS: Out of 512 consecutively admitted patients with hip fracture, 293 (median age, 77 years; 174 females) were included in the final analysis after application of the exclusion criteria. There were 162 FN, 122 IT, and 9 ST fractures. Preoperative DVT occurred in 58 patients. Patients over 80 years of age had a significantly higher incidence of preoperative DVT than those aged < 65 years (P = 0.014). Preoperative DVT incidence following extracapsular fracture was significantly higher than that after intracapsular fracture (27.5% versus 13.6%, P = 0.003). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that advanced age (odds ratio [OR] 1.027, P = 0.026) and extracapsular fracture (OR = 2.149, P = 0.013) were associated with a significantly higher risk of preoperative DVT development. While the serum D-dimer level was abnormally elevated in 99% of the patients, this was not a significant factor in the final multivariate analysis (P = 0.562). CONCLUSION: The incidence of preoperative DVT after acute hip fracture in this Chinese cohort was approximately 20%. Increased age and extracapsular fracture were independent risk factors for preoperative DVT following acute hip fracture.

Biofilm on microplastics in aqueous environment: Physicochemical properties and environmental implications.

The excellent properties of plastics make them widely used all over the world. However, when plastics enter the environmental medium, microplastics will inevitably be produced due to physical, chemical and biological factors. Studies have shown that microplastics have been detected in terrestrial, aquatic and atmospheric environments. In addition, the presence of microplastics will provide a new artificial adhesion substrate for biofilms. It has been proved that the formation of biofilms could significantly change some properties of microplastics. Some studies have found that microplastics attached with biofilms have higher environmental risks and eco-toxicity. Therefore, considering the widespread existence of microplastics and the ecological risks of microplastic biofilms, the physical and chemical properties of biofilms on microplastics and their impact on microplastics in aqueous environment are worth reviewing. In this paper, we comprehensively reviewed representative studies in this area. Firstly, this study reviews that the existence of biofilms could change the transport and deposition of microplastics. Subsequently, the presence of biofilms would enhance the ability of microplastics to accumulate pollutant, such as persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals and antibiotics. Moreover, the effect of biofilms on microplastics enrichment of harmful microorganisms is summarized. Finally, some future research needs and strategies are proposed to better understand the problem of biofilms on microplastics.